The #endSARS hashtag has begun trending across the globe this week after an Amnesty International investigation found that at least 12 peaceful protestors in Nigeria had been killed on Oct. 20 by the very form of police brutality they were protesting. Massive groups of young Nigerians have been gathering and marching against SARS, the nation's Special Anti-Robbery Squad of armed police, since early October, when a video surfaced that appeared to show SARS officers shooting a young man dead from their vehicle and immediately driving away, the BBC reports.
The Oct. 20 shootings occurred in two suburbs of Lagos, with Amnesty International reporting that government officials had removed nearby surveillance cameras before police and military members opened fire on the thousands of gathered protestors, and allegedly took away some of the people they had injured or killed.
"Opening fire on peaceful protesters is a blatant violation of people's rights to life, dignity, freedom of expression, and peaceful assembly. Soldiers clearly had one intention—to kill without consequences," Osai Ojigho, country director of Amnesty International Nigeria, said in a statement. "These shootings clearly amount to extrajudicial executions. There must be an immediate investigation and suspected perpetrators must be held accountable through fair trials."
Here's what you need to know about SARS and the ongoing #endSARS protests and global movement.
What is SARS?
The Special Anti-Robbery Squad was established in 1992 as a branch of the Nigerian Police Force dedicated to dealing with violent crimes including armed robberies, cattle rustling, and kidnapping. Before long, however, SARS became notorious across the country for its deep-seated corruption and brutal treatment of detainees that amount in many cases to severe human rights violations. SARS reportedly primarily targets young Nigerian men, especially those who dress well, sport tattoos and dreadlocks, and own cars, iPhones, and other pricey goods—all criteria that the police use to profile and prosecute the men as thieves without evidence. (This is why one popular slogan of the #endSARS protests is "To be modern is not a crime.")
Though the government has disbanded and reorganized SARS multiple times and passed legislation banning police torture in 2017, the group's violence has continued. Between Jan. 2017 and May 2020 alone, SARS was linked to at least 82 cases of torture, ill treatment and extrajudicial execution, per Amnesty International.
After the most recent disbandment of SARS, on Oct. 11, the Nigerian Police Force established in its place the Special Weapons and Tactics unit. However, according to the BBC, many Nigerians are concerned that SWAT is merely a rebranding, rather than a reform, of SARS, with many former members of SARS simply reassigned to SWAT and no mechanism in place to prevent them from continuing their violent methods of so-called "law and order."
What is #endSARS?
The #endSARS movement and accompanying hashtag began in 2017, Time reports. The protests against police brutality and corruption have no formal leader, but are predominantly organized and populated by young Nigerians, who have been disproportionately targeted by the violent police squad. The latest wave of protests began on Oct. 8, and have continued every day since in many major Nigerian cities and towns.
These peaceful protests against police brutality have been consistently met with even more police brutality and excessive force, with SARS members and soldiers using water cannons, tear gas, and live ammunition on the protestors. By Oct. 15, according to Amnesty International, at least 10 protestors had been killed. The death toll reportedly doubled on Oct. 20, with the human rights organization estimating that at least 28 people were killed in widespread attacks on Oct. 20, including the mass shootings in Lagos suburbs Lekki and Alausa. A total of 56 Nigerians are believed to have been killed and hundreds more injured since the protests began.
A Time report by Abuja, Nigeria-based writer and political analyst Gimba Kakanda describes in horrific detail the violent treatment he faced while attending an #endSARS protest on Oct. 11. Kakanda described how police grabbed and smashed his phone and beat him up before transporting him to police headquarters. There, he wrote, he was told by the officers' superior that "we were lucky that the encounter was in the day rather than at night, because if it was at night, they would have killed us and erased every trace of our existence."
The protestors have five primary demands: the immediate release of all detained protestors; justice for police brutality victims and their families; the establishment of an independent oversight group to investigate reports of police misconduct; psychological evaluation and retraining of all SARS officers before reassignment; increased police salaries to dissuade corruption and reward their protection of the nation's citizens.
Additionally, as time has gone on with no effective reforms to police tactics, the #endSARS movement has only expanded to encompass more demands from protestors. As detailed by Kakanda and in an Oct. 20 segment of The Daily Show, Nigerians are now marching for all-encompassing social revolution, including improved jobs, schools, and infrastructure, and an end to all government corruption, in addition to putting a stop to police brutality.
How has the Nigerian government responded?
Following the Oct. 20 shootings, Nigerian President Muhammadu Buhari's office released a statement on Oct. 21 asking for "understanding and calm" as the administration implements "a set of reform policies that will deliver a police system accountable to the Nigerian people," the BBC reports. However, the statement did not refer directly to the tragic deaths of dozens of Nigerians that had occurred the day before.
In Lagos, Governor Obaijide Sanwo-Olu said in a televised briefing on Oct. 21 that he was ordering an investigation into the attacks in Lekki, Time reports, though he asserted that no one had been killed in the attacks.
Additionally, government officials have reportedly implemented 24-hour curfews in several regions across the country, affecting millions of Nigerians.
How has the rest of the world joined the #endSARS movement?
After the latest wave of peaceful protests against SARS and SWAT were met by even more police violence on Oct. 20, the rest of the world has taken heed, launching protests of their own and supporting the protestors' mission by signing petitions and increasing visibility of the protests on social media.
In an Oct. 21 statement, the United Nations Secretary-General condemned the previous day's violence, calling for "an end to reported police brutality and abuses," and encouraging local authorities "to swiftly explore avenues to de-escalate the situation."
Though Donald Trump has yet to condemn or even comment on the violence, Joe Biden released a statement about the police and military's reaction to the peaceful protests: "I urge President Buhari and the Nigerian military to cease the violent crackdown on protesters in Nigeria, which has already resulted in several deaths," he said. "The United States must stand with Nigerians who are peacefully demonstrating for police reform and seeking an end to corruption in their democracy. I encourage the government to engage in a good-faith dialogue with civil society to address these long-standing grievances and work together for a more just and inclusive Nigeria."
Additionally, countless celebrities have joined the millions across the globe standing in solidarity with the Nigerian protestors, including Beyoncé, Rihanna, John Boyega, and more.
